PART:-••••••9...
While discussing the conditions of Arabia before Islam, it seems appropriate to present a brief outline of the governments, chieftaincies and religions there so that the position at the time of the emergence of Islam can be easily understood.
When the bright rays of the sun of Islam shone on the Arabian Peninsula, there were two types of rulers - a crowned king who was in fact completely independent and autonomous, and other tribal chiefs who had the same status and privileges as the crowned kings, but most of them also had the distinction of being completely independent and autonomous. The crowned rulers were:
The kings of Yemen, the kings of Al Ghassan (Syria) and the kings of Khaira (Iraq) The rest of the Arabs were not crowned.
The Kingdom of Yemen: -
The oldest Yemeni nation that has been discovered among the Arabs was the nation of Saba, and the inscriptions that have been found in (Iraq) mention this nation two and a half thousand years before Christ, but its rise The era of Saba begins in the 11th century BC. The important periods of its history are as follows:
1- The period before the 650th century:
During this period, the title of the kings of Saba was Makrab Saba. Their base was the throne of Sirwah, the ruins of which are still found a day's journey west of Marib and are known as Kharibah. During this period, the famous city of Ma'ab was founded, which has great importance in the history of Yemen. It is said that during this period, the Sabaean Empire achieved such a high level that they established colonies in various places inside and outside Arabia.
2- The period from 650 to 115:
During this period, the kings abandoned the word Makrab and adopted the title Malik (king) and made Marib their capital instead of Sirwah. The ruins of this city can still be found 60 miles east of Sana'a.
3- The 115th century: Period up to 300:-
During this period, the Khemar tribe dominated the kingdom of Saba and made Raidan their capital instead of Marib. Then Raidan was renamed Dhofar, the ruins of which can still be found on a round hill near the city of Yarim.
This is the period in which the decline of the Sabaean nation began. First, the Nabataeans established their power over the northern Hijaz and expelled Saba from their colonies, then the Romans occupied Egypt, Syria and the northern Hijaz and disrupted their sea routes of trade, and thus their trade gradually collapsed. Meanwhile, the Qahtani tribes themselves were also at odds with each other. The result of these circumstances was that the Qahtani tribes left their homeland and scattered here and there.
During this period, there was continuous unrest and chaos in Yemen. Revolutions occurred, civil wars took place, and foreign powers found opportunities to intervene, and at one point, Yemen's independence was even taken away. This was the period in which the Romans were militarily dominated, and with their help, the Abyssinians, taking advantage of the conflict between Hamer and Hamadan, occupied Bariman in 320, which lasted until 374. After this, Yemen's independence was restored, but the famous dam of "Ma'rib" began to break. Until finally, in 450 or 451, the dam broke and the great flood occurred, which is mentioned in the Holy Quran (Surah Saba) as the "Flood of Aram". This was a great disaster. As a result, settlements were deserted and many tribes were scattered....
Continued.........